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The First Feature Complete Privacy Stack is Here
Alpha is live: a fully feature-complete, privacy-first network. The infrastructure is in place, privacy is native to the protocol, and developers can now build truly private applications.
Nine years ago, we set out to redesign blockchain for privacy. The goal: create a system institutions can adopt while giving users true control of their digital lives. Privacy band-aids are coming to Ethereum (someday), but it’s clear we need privacy now, and there’s an arms race underway to build it. Privacy is complex, it’s not a feature you can bolt-on as an afterthought. It demands a ground-up approach, deep tech stack integration, and complete decentralization.
In November 2025, the Aztec Ignition Chain went live as the first decentralized L2 on Ethereum, it’s the coordination layer that the execution layer sits on top of. The network is not operated by the Aztec Labs or the Aztec Foundation, it’s run by the community, making it the true backbone of Aztec.
With the infrastructure in place and a unanimous community vote, the network enters Alpha.
Alpha is the first Layer 2 with a full execution environment for private smart contracts. All accounts, transactions, and the execution itself can be completely private. Developers can now choose what they want public and what they want to keep private while building with the three privacy pillars we have in place across data, identity, and compute.
These privacy pillars, which can be used individually or combined, break down into three core layers:
Alpha is feature complete–meaning this is the only full-stack solution for adding privacy to your business or application. You build, and Aztec handles the cryptography under the hood.
It’s Composable. Private-preserving contracts are not isolated; they can talk to each other and seamlessly blend both private and public state across contracts. Privacy can be preserved across contract calls for full callstack privacy.
No backdoor access. Aztec is the only decentralized L2, and is launching as a fully decentralized rollup with a Layer 1 escape hatch.
It’s Compliant. Companies are missing out on the benefits of blockchains because transparent chains expose user data, while private networks protect it, but still offer fully customizable controls. Now they can build compliant apps that move value around the world instantly.
Developers can explore our privacy primitives across data, identity, and compute and start building with them using the documentation here. Note that this is an early version of the network with known vulnerabilities, see this post for details. While this is the first iteration of the network, there will be several upgrades that secure and harden the network on our path to Beta. If you’d like to learn more about how you can integrate privacy into your project, reach out here.
To hear directly from our Cofounders, join our live from Cannes Q&A on Tuesday, March 31st at 9:30 am ET. Follow us on X to get the latest updates from the Aztec Network.
On Wednesday 17 March 2026 our team discovered a new vulnerability in the Aztec Network. Following the analysis, the vulnerability has been confirmed as a critical vulnerability in accordance with our vulnerability matrix.
The vulnerability affects the proving system as a whole, and is not mitigated via public re-execution by the committee of validators. Exploitation can lead to severe disruption of the protocol and theft of user funds.
In accordance with our policy, fixes for the network will be packaged and distributed with the “v5” release of the network, currently planned for July 2026.
The actual bug and corresponding patch will not be publicly disclosed until “v5.”
Aztec applications and portals bridging assets from Layer 1s should warn users about the security guarantees of Alpha, in particular, reminding users not to put in funds they are not willing to lose. Portals or applications may add additional security measures or training wheels specific to their application or use case.
We will shortly establish a bug tracker to show the number and severity of bugs known to us in v4. The tracker will be updated as audits and security researchers discover issues. Each new alpha release will get its own tracker. This will allow developers and users to judge for themselves how they are willing to use the network, and we will use the tracker as a primary determinant for whether the network is ready for a "Beta" label.
We have identified a vulnerability in barretenberg allowing inclusion of incorrect proofs in the Aztec Network mempool, and ask all nodes to upgrade to versions v.4.1.2 or later.
We’d like to thank Consensys Diligence & TU Vienna for a recent discovery of a separate vulnerability in barretenberg categorized as medium for the network and critical for Noir:
We have published a fixed version of barretenberg.
We’d also like to thank Plainshift AI for discovery, reproduction, and reporting of one more vulnerability in the Aztec Network and their ongoing work to help secure the network.
Decentralization is not just a technical property of the Aztec Network, it is the governing principle.
No single team, company, or individual controls how the network evolves. Upgrades are proposed in public, debated in the open, and approved by the people running the network. Decentralized sequencing, proving, and governance are hard-coded into the base protocol so that no central actor can unilaterally change the rules, censor transactions, or appropriate user value.
The governance framework that makes this possible has three moving parts: Aztec Improvement Proposal (AZIP), Aztec Upgrade Proposal (AZUP), and the onchain vote. Together, they form a pipeline that takes an idea to a live protocol change, with multiple independent checkpoints along the way.
Every upgrade starts with an AZIP. AZIPs are version-controlled design documents, publicly maintained on GitHub, modeled on the same EIP process that has governed Ethereum since its earliest days. Anyone is encouraged to suggest improvements to the Aztec Network protocol spec.
Before a formal proposal is opened, ideas live in GitHub Discussions, an open forum where the community can weigh in, challenge assumptions, and shape the direction of a proposal before it hardens into a spec. This is the virtual town square: the place where the network's future gets debated in public, not decided behind closed doors.
The AZIP framework is what decentralization looks like in practice. Multiple ideas can surface simultaneously, get stress-tested by the community, and the strongest ones naturally rise. Good arguments win, not titles or seniority. The process selects for quality discussion precisely because anyone can participate and everything is visible.
Once an AZIP is formalized as a pull request, it enters a structured lifecycle: Draft, Ready for Discussion, then Accepted or Rejected. Rejected AZIPs are not deleted — they remain permanently in the repository as a record of what was tried and why it was rejected. Nothing gets quietly buried.
Security Considerations are mandatory for all Core, Standard, and Economics AZIPs. Proposals without them cannot pass the Draft stage. Security is structural, not an afterthought.
Once Core Contributors, a merit-based and informal group of active protocol contributors, have reviewed an AZIP and approved it for inclusion, it gets bundled into an AZUP.
An AZUP takes everything an AZIP described and deploys it — a real smart contract, real onchain actions. Each AZUP includes a payload that encodes the exact onchain changes that will occur if the upgrade is approved. Anyone can inspect the payload on a block explorer and see precisely what will change before voting begins.
The payload then goes to sequencers for signaling. Sequencers are the backbone of the network. They propose blocks, attest to state, and serve as the first governance gate for any upgrade. A payload must accumulate enough signals from sequencers within a fixed round to advance. The people actually running the network have to express coordinated support before any change reaches a broader vote.
Once sequencers signal quorum, the proposal moves to tokenholders. Sequencers' staked voting power defaults to "yea" on proposals that came through the signaling path, meaning opposition must be active, not passive. Any sequencer or tokenholder who wants to vote against a proposal must explicitly re-delegate their stake before the voting snapshot is taken. The system rewards genuine engagement from all sides.
For a proposal to pass, it must meet quorum, a supermajority margin, and a minimum participation threshold, all three. If any condition is unmet, the proposal fails.
Even after a proposal passes, it does not execute immediately. A mandatory delay gives node operators time to deploy updated software, allows the community to perform final checks, and reduces the risk of sudden uncoordinated changes hitting the network. If the proposal is not executed within its grace period, it expires.
Failed AZUPs cannot be resubmitted. A new proposal must be created that directly addresses the feedback received. There is no way to simply retry and hope for a different result.
The teams building the network have no special governance power. Sequencers, tokenholders, and Core Contributors are the governing actors, each playing a distinct and non-redundant role.
No single party can force or block an upgrade. Sequencers can withhold signals. Tokenholders can vote nay. Proposals not executed within the grace period expire on their own.
This is decentralization working as intended. The network upgrades not because a team decides it should, but because the people running it agree that it should.
If you want to help shape what Aztec becomes, the forum is open. The proposals are public. The town square is yours.
Follow Aztec on X to stay up to date on the latest developments.
Aztec is novel code — the bleeding edge of cryptography and blockchain technology. As the first decentralized L2 on Ethereum, Aztec is powered by a global network of sequencers and provers. Decentralization introduces some novel challenges in how security is addressed; there is no centralized sequencer to pause or a centralized entity who has power over the network. The rollout of the network reflects this, with distinct goals at each phase.
Ignition
Validate governance and decentralized block building work as intended on Ethereum Mainnet.
Alpha
Enable transactions at 1TPS, ~6s block times and improve the security of the network via continual ongoing audits and bug bounty. New releases of the alpha network are expected regularly to address any security vulnerabilities. Please note, every alpha deployment is distinct and state is not migrated between Alpha releases.
Beta
We will transition to Beta once the network scales to >10 TPS, with reduced block times while ensuring 99.9% uptime. Additionally, the transition requires no critical bugs disclosed via bug bounty in 3 months. State migrations across network releases can be considered.
TL;DR: The roadmap from Ignition to Alpha to Beta is designed to reflect the core team's growing confidence in the network's security.
This phased approach lets us balance ecosystem growth while building security confidence and steadily expanding the community of researchers and tools working to validate the network’s security, soundness and correctness.
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Ultimately, time in production without an exploit is the most reliable indicator of how secure a codebase is.
At the start of Alpha, that confidence is still developing. The core team believes the network is secure enough to support early ecosystem use cases and handle small amounts of value. However this is experimental alpha software and users should not deposit more value than they are willing to lose. Apps may choose to limit deposit amounts to mitigate risk for users.
Audits are ongoing throughout Alpha, with the goal to achieve dual external audits across the entire codebase.
The table below shows current security and audit coverage at the time of writing.
The main bug bounty for the network is not yet live, other than for the non-cryptographic L1 smart contracts as audits are ongoing. We encourage security researchers to responsibly disclose findings in line with our security policy .
As the audits are still ongoing, we expect to discover vulnerabilities in various components. The fixes will be packaged and distributed with the “v5” release.
If we discover a Critical vulnerability in “v4” in accordance with the following severity matrix, which would require the change of verification keys to fix, we will first alert the portal operators to pause deposits and then post a message on the forum, stating that the rollup has a vulnerability.
Aztec uses a hybrid execution model, handling private and public execution separately — and the security considerations differ between them.
As per the audit table above, it is clear that the Aztec Virtual Machine (AVM) has not yet completed its internal and external audits. This is intentional as all AVM execution is public, which allows it to benefit from a “Training Wheel” — the validator re-execution committee.
Every 72 seconds, a collection of newly proposed Aztec blocks are bundled into a "checkpoint" and submitted to L1. With each proposed checkpoint, a committee of 48 staking validators randomly selected from the entire set of validators (presently 3,959) re-execute all txs of all blocks in the checkpoint, and attest to the resulting state roots. 33 out of 48 attestations are required for the checkpoint proposal to be considered valid. The committee and the eventual zk proof must agree on the resultant state root for a checkpoint to be added to the proven chain. As a result, an attacker must control 33/48 of any given committee to exploit any bug in the AVM.
The only time the re-execution committee is not active is during the escape hatch, where the cost to propose a block is set at a level which attempts to quantify the security of the execution training wheel. For this version of the alpha network, this is set a 332M AZTEC, a figure intended to approximate the economic protection the committee normally provides, equivalent to roughly 19% of the un-staked circulating supply at the time of writing. Since the Aztec Foundation holds a significant portion of that supply, the effective threshold is considerably higher in practice.
A key design assumption is that just-in-time bribery of the sequencer committee is impractical and the only ****realistic attack vector is stake acquisition, not bribery.
Assuming a sequencer set size of 4,000 and a committee that rotates each epoch (~38.4mins) from the full sequencer set using a Fisher-Yates shuffle seeded by L1 RANDAO we can see the probability and amount of stake required in the table below.
To achieve a 99% probability of controlling at least one supermajority within 3 days, an attacker would need to control approximately 55.4% of the validator set - roughly 2,215 sequencers representing 443M AZTEC in stake. Assuming an exploit is successful their stake would likely de-value by 70-80%, resulting in an expected economic loss of approximately 332M AZTEC.
To achieve only a 0.5% probability of controlling at least one supermajority within 6 months, an attacker would need to control approximately 33.88% of the validator set.
The practical effect of this training wheel is that the network can exist while there are known security issues with the AVM, as long as the value an attacker would gain from any potential exploit is less than the cost of acquiring 332M AZTEC.
The training wheel allows security researchers to spend more time on the private execution paths that don’t benefit from the training wheel and for the network to be deployed in an alpha version where security researchers can attempt to find additional AVM exploits.
In concrete terms, the training wheel means the Alpha network can reasonably secure value up to around 332M AZTEC (~$6.5M at the time of writing).
Ecosystem builders should keep the above limits in mind, particularly when designing portal contracts that bridge funds into the network.
Portals are the main way value will be bridged into the alpha network, and as a result are also the main target for any exploits. The design of portals can allow the network to secure far higher value. If a portal secures > 332M AZTEC and allows all of its funds to be taken in one withdrawal without any rate limits, delays or pause functionality then it is a target for an AVM exploit attack.
If a portal implements a maximum withdrawal per user, pause functionality or delays for larger withdrawals it becomes harder for an attacker to steal a large quantum of funds in one go.
The Aztec Alpha code is ready to go. The next step is for someone in the community to submit a governance proposal and for the network to vote on enabling transactions. This is decentralization working as intended.
Once live, Alpha will run at 1 TPS with roughly 6 second block times. Audits are still ongoing across several components, so keep deposits small and only put in what you're comfortable losing.
On the security side, a 48-validator re-execution committee provides the main protection during Alpha, requiring 33/48 consensus on every 72-second checkpoint. Successfully attacking the AVM would require controlling roughly 55% of the validator set at a cost of around 332M AZTEC, putting the practical security ceiling at approximately $6.5M.
Alpha is about growing the ecosystem, expanding the security of the network, and accumulating the one thing no audit can shortcut: time in production. This is the network maturing in exactly the way it was designed to as it progresses toward Beta.
The Ignition Chain launched late last year, as the first fully decentralized L2 on Ethereum– a huge milestone for decentralized networks. The team has reinvented what true programmable privacy means, building the execution model from the ground up— combining the programmability of Ethereum with the privacy of Zcash in a single execution environment.
Since then, the network has been running with zero downtime with 3,500+ sequencers and 50+ provers across five continents. With the infrastructure now in place, the network is fully in the hands of the community, and the culmination of the past 8 years of work is now converging.
Major upgrades have landed across four tracks: the execution layer, the proving system, the programming language, Noir, and the decentralization stack. Together, these milestones deliver on Aztec’s original promise, a system where developers can write fully programmable smart contracts with customizable privacy.
The infrastructure is in place. The code is ready. And we’re ready to ship.
The execution layer delivers on Aztec's core promise: fully programmable, privacy-preserving smart contracts on Ethereum.
A complete dual state model is now in place–with both private and public state. Private functions execute client-side in the Private Execution Environment (PXE), running directly in the user's browser and generating zero-knowledge proofs locally, so that private data never leaves the original device. Public functions execute on the Aztec Virtual Machine (AVM) on the network side.
Aztec.js is now live, giving developers a full SDK for managing accounts and interacting with contracts. Native account abstraction has been implemented, meaning every account is a smart contract with customizable authentication rules. Note discovery has been solved through a tagging mechanism, allowing recipients to efficiently query for relevant notes without downloading and decrypting everything on the network.
Contract standards are underway, with the Wonderland team delivering AIP-20 for tokens and AIP-721 for NFTs, along with escrow contracts and logic libraries, providing the production-ready building blocks for the Alpha Network.
The proving system is what makes Aztec's privacy guarantees real, and it has deep roots.
In 2019, Aztec's cofounder Zac Williamson and Chief Scientist Ariel Gabizon introduced PLONK, which became one of the most widely used proving systems in zero-knowledge cryptography. Since then, Aztec's cryptographic backend, Barretenberg, has evolved through multiple generations, each facilitating faster, lighter, and more efficient proving than the last. The latest innovation, CHONK (Client-side Highly Optimized ploNK), is purpose-built for proving on phones and browsers and is what powers proof generation for the Alpha Network.
CHONK is a major leap forward for the user experience, dramatically reducing the memory and time required to generate proofs on consumer devices. It leverages best-in-class circuit primitives, a HyperNova-style folding scheme for efficiently processing chains of private function calls, and Goblin, a hyper-efficient purpose-built recursion acceleration scheme. The result is that private transactions can be proven on the devices people actually use, not just powerful servers.
This matters because privacy on Aztec means proofs are generated on the user's own device, keeping private data private. If proving is too slow or too resource-intensive, privacy becomes impractical. CHONK makes it practical.
Decentralization is what makes Aztec's privacy guarantees credible. Without it, a central operator could censor transactions, introduce backdoors, or compromise user privacy at will.
Aztec addressed this by hardcoding decentralized sequencing, proving, and governance directly into the base protocol. The Ignition Chain has proven the stability of this consensus layer, maintaining zero downtime with over 3,500 sequencers and 50+ provers running across five continents. Aztec Labs and the Aztec Foundation run no sequencers and do not participate in governance.
Noir 1.0 is nearing completion, bringing a stable, production-grade language within reach. Aztec's own protocol circuits have been entirely rewritten in Noir, meaning the language is already battle-tested at the deepest layer of the stack.
Internal and external audits of the compiler and toolchain are progressing in parallel, and security tooling including fuzzers and bytecode parsers is nearly finished. A stable, audited language means application teams can build on Alpha with confidence that the foundation beneath them won't shift.
The code for Alpha Network, a functionally complete and raw version of the network, is ready.
The Alpha Network brings fully programmable, privacy-preserving smart contracts to Ethereum for the first time. It's the culmination of years of parallel work across the four tracks in the Aztec Roadmap. Together, they enable efficient client-side proofs that power customizable smart contracts, letting users choose exactly what stays private and what goes public.
No other project in the space is close to shipping this.
The code is written. The network is running. All the pieces are in place. The governance proposal is now live on the forum and open for discussion. Read through it, ask questions, poke holes, and help shape the path forward.
Once the community is aligned, the proposal moves to a vote. This is how a decentralized network upgrades. Not by a team pushing a button, but by the people running it.
Programmable privacy will unlock a renaissance in onchain adoption. Real-world applications are coming and institutions are paying attention. Alpha represents the culmination of eight years of intense work to deliver privacy on Ethereum.
Now it needs to be battle-tested in the wild.
View the updated product roadmap here and join us on Thursday, March 5th, at 3 pm UTC on X to hear more about the most recent updates to our product roadmap.
Alpha is live: a fully feature-complete, privacy-first network. The infrastructure is in place, privacy is native to the protocol, and developers can now build truly private applications.
Nine years ago, we set out to redesign blockchain for privacy. The goal: create a system institutions can adopt while giving users true control of their digital lives. Privacy band-aids are coming to Ethereum (someday), but it’s clear we need privacy now, and there’s an arms race underway to build it. Privacy is complex, it’s not a feature you can bolt-on as an afterthought. It demands a ground-up approach, deep tech stack integration, and complete decentralization.
In November 2025, the Aztec Ignition Chain went live as the first decentralized L2 on Ethereum, it’s the coordination layer that the execution layer sits on top of. The network is not operated by the Aztec Labs or the Aztec Foundation, it’s run by the community, making it the true backbone of Aztec.
With the infrastructure in place and a unanimous community vote, the network enters Alpha.
Alpha is the first Layer 2 with a full execution environment for private smart contracts. All accounts, transactions, and the execution itself can be completely private. Developers can now choose what they want public and what they want to keep private while building with the three privacy pillars we have in place across data, identity, and compute.
These privacy pillars, which can be used individually or combined, break down into three core layers:
Alpha is feature complete–meaning this is the only full-stack solution for adding privacy to your business or application. You build, and Aztec handles the cryptography under the hood.
It’s Composable. Private-preserving contracts are not isolated; they can talk to each other and seamlessly blend both private and public state across contracts. Privacy can be preserved across contract calls for full callstack privacy.
No backdoor access. Aztec is the only decentralized L2, and is launching as a fully decentralized rollup with a Layer 1 escape hatch.
It’s Compliant. Companies are missing out on the benefits of blockchains because transparent chains expose user data, while private networks protect it, but still offer fully customizable controls. Now they can build compliant apps that move value around the world instantly.
Developers can explore our privacy primitives across data, identity, and compute and start building with them using the documentation here. Note that this is an early version of the network with known vulnerabilities, see this post for details. While this is the first iteration of the network, there will be several upgrades that secure and harden the network on our path to Beta. If you’d like to learn more about how you can integrate privacy into your project, reach out here.
To hear directly from our Cofounders, join our live from Cannes Q&A on Tuesday, March 31st at 9:30 am ET. Follow us on X to get the latest updates from the Aztec Network.
The Ignition Chain launched late last year, as the first fully decentralized L2 on Ethereum– a huge milestone for decentralized networks. The team has reinvented what true programmable privacy means, building the execution model from the ground up— combining the programmability of Ethereum with the privacy of Zcash in a single execution environment.
Since then, the network has been running with zero downtime with 3,500+ sequencers and 50+ provers across five continents. With the infrastructure now in place, the network is fully in the hands of the community, and the culmination of the past 8 years of work is now converging.
Major upgrades have landed across four tracks: the execution layer, the proving system, the programming language, Noir, and the decentralization stack. Together, these milestones deliver on Aztec’s original promise, a system where developers can write fully programmable smart contracts with customizable privacy.
The infrastructure is in place. The code is ready. And we’re ready to ship.
The execution layer delivers on Aztec's core promise: fully programmable, privacy-preserving smart contracts on Ethereum.
A complete dual state model is now in place–with both private and public state. Private functions execute client-side in the Private Execution Environment (PXE), running directly in the user's browser and generating zero-knowledge proofs locally, so that private data never leaves the original device. Public functions execute on the Aztec Virtual Machine (AVM) on the network side.
Aztec.js is now live, giving developers a full SDK for managing accounts and interacting with contracts. Native account abstraction has been implemented, meaning every account is a smart contract with customizable authentication rules. Note discovery has been solved through a tagging mechanism, allowing recipients to efficiently query for relevant notes without downloading and decrypting everything on the network.
Contract standards are underway, with the Wonderland team delivering AIP-20 for tokens and AIP-721 for NFTs, along with escrow contracts and logic libraries, providing the production-ready building blocks for the Alpha Network.
The proving system is what makes Aztec's privacy guarantees real, and it has deep roots.
In 2019, Aztec's cofounder Zac Williamson and Chief Scientist Ariel Gabizon introduced PLONK, which became one of the most widely used proving systems in zero-knowledge cryptography. Since then, Aztec's cryptographic backend, Barretenberg, has evolved through multiple generations, each facilitating faster, lighter, and more efficient proving than the last. The latest innovation, CHONK (Client-side Highly Optimized ploNK), is purpose-built for proving on phones and browsers and is what powers proof generation for the Alpha Network.
CHONK is a major leap forward for the user experience, dramatically reducing the memory and time required to generate proofs on consumer devices. It leverages best-in-class circuit primitives, a HyperNova-style folding scheme for efficiently processing chains of private function calls, and Goblin, a hyper-efficient purpose-built recursion acceleration scheme. The result is that private transactions can be proven on the devices people actually use, not just powerful servers.
This matters because privacy on Aztec means proofs are generated on the user's own device, keeping private data private. If proving is too slow or too resource-intensive, privacy becomes impractical. CHONK makes it practical.
Decentralization is what makes Aztec's privacy guarantees credible. Without it, a central operator could censor transactions, introduce backdoors, or compromise user privacy at will.
Aztec addressed this by hardcoding decentralized sequencing, proving, and governance directly into the base protocol. The Ignition Chain has proven the stability of this consensus layer, maintaining zero downtime with over 3,500 sequencers and 50+ provers running across five continents. Aztec Labs and the Aztec Foundation run no sequencers and do not participate in governance.
Noir 1.0 is nearing completion, bringing a stable, production-grade language within reach. Aztec's own protocol circuits have been entirely rewritten in Noir, meaning the language is already battle-tested at the deepest layer of the stack.
Internal and external audits of the compiler and toolchain are progressing in parallel, and security tooling including fuzzers and bytecode parsers is nearly finished. A stable, audited language means application teams can build on Alpha with confidence that the foundation beneath them won't shift.
The code for Alpha Network, a functionally complete and raw version of the network, is ready.
The Alpha Network brings fully programmable, privacy-preserving smart contracts to Ethereum for the first time. It's the culmination of years of parallel work across the four tracks in the Aztec Roadmap. Together, they enable efficient client-side proofs that power customizable smart contracts, letting users choose exactly what stays private and what goes public.
No other project in the space is close to shipping this.
The code is written. The network is running. All the pieces are in place. The governance proposal is now live on the forum and open for discussion. Read through it, ask questions, poke holes, and help shape the path forward.
Once the community is aligned, the proposal moves to a vote. This is how a decentralized network upgrades. Not by a team pushing a button, but by the people running it.
Programmable privacy will unlock a renaissance in onchain adoption. Real-world applications are coming and institutions are paying attention. Alpha represents the culmination of eight years of intense work to deliver privacy on Ethereum.
Now it needs to be battle-tested in the wild.
View the updated product roadmap here and join us on Thursday, March 5th, at 3 pm UTC on X to hear more about the most recent updates to our product roadmap.
Privacy has emerged as a major driver for the crypto industry in 2025. We’ve seen the explosion of Zcash, the Ethereum Foundation’s refocusing of PSE, and the launch of Aztec’s testnet with over 24,000 validators powering the network. Many apps have also emerged to bring private transactions to Ethereum and Solana in various ways, and exciting technologies like ZKPassport that privately bring identity on-chain using Noir have become some of the most talked about developments for ushering in the next big movements to the space.
Underpinning all of these developments is the emerging consensus that without privacy, blockchains will struggle to gain real-world adoption.
Without privacy, institutions can’t bring assets on-chain in a compliant way or conduct complex swaps and trades without revealing their strategies. Without privacy, DeFi remains dominated and controlled by advanced traders who can see all upcoming transactions and manipulate the market. Without privacy, regular people will not want to move their lives on-chain for the entire world to see every detail about their every move.
While there's been lots of talk about privacy, few can define it. In this piece we’ll outline the three pillars of privacy and gives you a framework for evaluating the privacy claims of any project.
True privacy rests on three essential pillars: transaction privacy, identity privacy, and computational privacy. It is only when we have all three pillars that we see the emergence of a private world computer.
Transaction privacy means that both inputs and outputs are not viewable by anyone other than the intended participants. Inputs include any asset, value, message, or function calldata that is being sent. Outputs include any state changes or transaction effects, or any transaction metadata caused by the transaction. Transaction privacy is often primarily achieved using a UTXO model (like Zcash or Aztec’s private state tree). If a project has only the option for this pillar, it can be said to be confidential, but not private.
Identity privacy means that the identities of those involved are not viewable by anyone other than the intended participants. This includes addresses or accounts and any information about the identity of the participants, such as tx.origin, msg.sender, or linking one’s private account to public accounts. Identity privacy can be achieved in several ways, including client-side proof generation that keeps all user info on the users’ devices. If a project has only the option for this pillar, it can be said to be anonymous, but not private.
Computation privacy means that any activity that happens is not viewable by anyone other than the intended participants. This includes the contract code itself, function execution, contract address, and full callstack privacy. Additionally, any metadata generated by the transaction is able to be appropriately obfuscated (such as transaction effects, events are appropriately padded, inclusion block number are in appropriate sets). Callstack privacy includes which contracts you call, what functions in those contracts you’ve called, what the results of those functions were, any subsequent functions that will be called after, and what the inputs to the function were. A project must have the option for this pillar to do anything privately other than basic transactions.
Bitcoin ushered in a new paradigm of digital money. As a permissionless, peer-to-peer currency and store of value, it changed the way value could be sent around the world and who could participate. Ethereum expanded this vision to bring us the world computer, a decentralized, general-purpose blockchain with programmable smart contracts.
Given the limitations of running a transparent blockchain that exposes all user activity, accounts, and assets, it was clear that adding the option to preserve privacy would unlock many benefits (and more closely resemble real cash). But this was a very challenging problem. Zcash was one of the first to extend Bitcoin’s functionality with optional privacy, unlocking a new privacy-preserving UTXO model for transacting privately. As we’ll see below, many of the current privacy-focused projects are working on similar kinds of private digital money for Ethereum or other chains.
Now, Aztec is bringing us the final missing piece: a private world computer.
A private world computer is fully decentralized, programmable, and permissionless like Ethereum and has optional privacy at every level. In other words, Aztec is extending all the functionality of Ethereum with optional transaction, identity, and computational privacy. This is the only approach that enables fully compliant, decentralized applications to be built that preserve user privacy, a new design space that we see as ushering in the next Renaissance for the space.
Private digital money emerges when you have the first two privacy pillars covered - transactions and identity - but you don’t have the third - computation. Almost all projects today that claim some level of privacy are working on private digital money. This includes everything from privacy pools on Ethereum and L2s to newly emerging payment L1s like Tempo and Arc that are developing various degrees of transaction privacy
When it comes to digital money, privacy exists on a spectrum. If your identity is hidden but your transactions are visible, that's what we call anonymous. If your transactions are hidden but your identity is known, that's confidential. And when both your identity and transactions are protected, that's true privacy. Projects are working on many different approaches to implement this, from PSE to Payy using Noir, the zkDSL built to make it intuitive to build zk applications using familiar Rust-like syntax.
Private digital money is designed to make payments private, but any interaction with more complex smart contracts than a straightforward payment transaction is fully exposed.
What if we also want to build decentralized private apps using smart contracts (usually multiple that talk to each other)? For this, you need all three privacy pillars: transaction, identity, and compute.
If you have these three pillars covered and you have decentralization, you have built a private world computer. Without decentralization, you are vulnerable to censorship, privileged backdoors and inevitable centralized control that can compromise privacy guarantees.
What exactly is a private world computer? A private world computer extends all the functionality of Ethereum with optional privacy at every level, so developers can easily control which aspects they want public or private and users can selectively disclose information. With Aztec, developers can build apps with optional transaction, identity, and compute privacy on a fully decentralized network. Below, we’ll break down the main components of a private world computer.
A private world computer is powered by private smart contracts. Private smart contracts have fully optional privacy and also enable seamless public and private function interaction.
Private smart contracts simply extend the functionality of regular smart contracts with added privacy.
As a developer, you can easily designate which functions you want to keep private and which you want to make public. For example, a voting app might allow users to privately cast votes and publicly display the result. Private smart contracts can also interact privately with other smart contracts, without needing to make it public which contracts have interacted.
Transaction: Aztec supports the optionality for fully private inputs, including messages, state, and function calldata. Private state is updated via a private UTXO state tree.
Identity: Using client-side proofs and function execution, Aztec can optionally keep all user info private, including tx.origin and msg.sender for transactions.
Computation: The contract code itself, function execution, and call stack can all be kept private. This includes which contracts you call, what functions in those contracts you’ve called, what the results of those functions were, and what the inputs to the function were.
A decentralized network must be made up of a permissionless network of operators who run the network and decide on upgrades. Aztec is run by a decentralized network of node operators who propose and attest to transactions. Rollup proofs on Aztec are also run by a decentralized prover network that can permissionlessly submit proofs and participate in block rewards. Finally, the Aztec network is governed by the sequencers, who propose, signal, vote, and execute network upgrades.
A private world computer enables the creation of DeFi applications where accounts, transactions, order books, and swaps remain private. Users can protect their trading strategies and positions from public view, preventing front-running and maintaining competitive advantages. Additionally, users can bridge privately into cross-chain DeFi applications, allowing them to participate in DeFi across multiple blockchains while keeping their identity private despite being on an existing transparent blockchain.
This technology makes it possible to bring institutional trading activity on-chain while maintaining the privacy that traditional finance requires. Institutions can privately trade with other institutions globally, without having to touch public markets, enjoying the benefits of blockchain technology such as fast settlement and reduced counterparty risk, without exposing their trading intentions or volumes to the broader market.
Organizations can bring client accounts and assets on-chain while maintaining full compliance. This infrastructure protects on-chain asset trading and settlement strategies, ensuring that sophisticated financial operations remain private. A private world computer also supports private stablecoin issuance and redemption, allowing financial institutions to manage digital currency operations without revealing sensitive business information.
Users have granular control over their privacy settings, allowing them to fine-tune privacy levels for their on-chain identity according to their specific needs. The system enables selective disclosure of on-chain activity, meaning users can choose to reveal certain transactions or holdings to regulators, auditors, or business partners while keeping other information private, meeting compliance requirements.
The shift from transparent blockchains to privacy-preserving infrastructure is the foundation for bringing the next billion users on-chain. Whether you're a developer building the future of private DeFi, an institution exploring compliant on-chain solutions, or simply someone who believes privacy is a fundamental right, now is the time to get involved.
Follow Aztec on X to stay updated on the latest developments in private smart contracts and decentralized privacy technology. Ready to contribute to the network? Run a node and help power the private world computer.
The next Renaissance is here, and it’s being powered by the private world computer.
After eight years of solving impossible problems, the next renaissance is here.
We’re at a major inflection point, with both our tech and our builder community going through growth spurts. The purpose of this rebrand is simple: to draw attention to our full-stack privacy-native network and to elevate the rich community of builders who are creating a thriving ecosystem around it.
For eight years, we’ve been obsessed with solving impossible challenges. We invented new cryptography (Plonk), created an intuitive programming language (Noir), and built the first decentralized network on Ethereum where privacy is native rather than an afterthought.
It wasn't easy. But now, we're finally bringing that powerful network to life. Testnet is live with thousands of active users and projects that were technically impossible before Aztec.
Our community evolution mirrors our technical progress. What started as an intentionally small, highly engaged group of cracked developers is now welcoming waves of developers eager to build applications that mainstream users actually want and need.
A brand is more than aesthetics—it's a mental model that makes Aztec's spirit tangible.
Renaissance means "rebirth"—and that's exactly what happens when developers gain access to privacy-first infrastructure. We're witnessing the emergence of entirely new application categories, business models, and user experiences.
The faces of this renaissance are the builders we serve: the entrepreneurs building privacy-preserving DeFi, the activists building identity systems that protect user privacy, the enterprise architects tokenizing real-world assets, and the game developers creating experiences with hidden information.
This next renaissance isn't just about technology—it's about the ethos behind the build. These aren't just our values. They're the shared DNA of every builder pushing the boundaries of what's possible on Aztec.
Agency: It’s what everyone deserves, and very few truly have: the ability to choose and take action for ourselves. On the Aztec Network, agency is native
Genius: That rare cocktail of existential thirst, extraordinary brilliance, and mind-bending creation. It’s fire that fuels our great leaps forward.
Integrity: It’s the respect and compassion we show each other. Our commitment to attacking the hardest problems first, and the excellence we demand of any solution.
Obsession: That highly concentrated insanity, extreme doggedness, and insatiable devotion that makes us tick. We believe in a different future—and we can make it happen, together.
Just as our technology bridges different eras of cryptographic innovation, our new visual identity draws from multiple periods of human creativity and technological advancement.
Our new wordmark embodies the diversity of our community and the permissionless nature of our network. Each letter was custom-drawn to reflect different pivotal moments in human communication and technological progress.
Together, these letters tell the story of human innovation: each era building on the last, each breakthrough enabling the next renaissance. And now, we're building the infrastructure for the one that's coming.
We evolved our original icon to reflect this new chapter while honoring our foundation. The layered diamond structure tells the story:
The architecture echoes a central plaza—the Roman forum, the Greek agora, the English commons, the American town square—places where people gather, exchange ideas, build relationships, and shape culture. It's a fitting symbol for the infrastructure enabling the next leap in human coordination and creativity.
From the Mughal and Edo periods to the Flemish and Italian Renaissance, our brand imagery draws from different cultures and eras of extraordinary human flourishing—periods when science, commerce, culture and technology converged to create unprecedented leaps forward. These visuals reflect both the universal nature of the Renaissance and the global reach of our network.
But we're not just celebrating the past —we're creating the future: the infrastructure for humanity's next great creative and technological awakening, powered by privacy-native blockchain technology.
Join us to ask questions, learn more and dive into the lore.
Join Our Discord Town Hall. September 4th at 8 AM PT, then every Thursday at 7 AM PT. Come hear directly from our team, ask questions, and connect with other builders who are shaping the future of privacy-first applications.
Take your stance on privacy. Visit the privacy glyph generator to create your custom profile pic and build this new world with us.
Stay Connected. Visit the new website and to stay up-to-date on all things Noir and Aztec, make sure you’re following along on X.
The next renaissance is what you build on Aztec—and we can't wait to see what you'll create.
We’ve all heard that “privacy UX sucks.” We tend to agree.
Users want to drive a car, not change the oil. We previously discussed how we abstract Aztec’s underlying UTXO architecture with Noir Lang and Aztec.nr, Aztec’s smart contract framework.
Today we’ll cover how we improve transaction processing via account abstraction and composable public-private design.
To date, protocols focusing on user privacy have exposed the underlying privacy architecture. And it turns out that users don’t like dealing with the nuts and bolts inside the machine.
We think user-friendly abstractions represent the future of intuitive UX in blockchains–a necessary step to bringing crypto to parity with web2. We’ll define transaction paths, explain what they mean, and explore how they future-proof the Aztec experience for developers and users.
In Ethereum, every account is controlled by a private key, commonly derived from a mnemonic. If you’ve ever created an Ethereum wallet, you’ve seen the list of words you need to engrave, memorize, or at minimum jot down to secure your account.
Note that we’re talking about Ethereum externally-owned accounts here (EOA’s), not contract accounts, since on Ethereum, EOA’s are the only accounts that can initiate transactions.
When you initiate a transaction on Ethereum, the network expects a signature from the private key that controls the account. If you create a signature that matches the public key associated with the transaction, the transaction is submitted with a transaction payload that instructs the Ethereum Virtual Machine on exactly what functions to execute.
At Aztec Labs we’ve been thinking hard about forms of account authentication beyond signatures. The use of seed phrases has significant issues:
📕 Read this post by Santiago Palladino for more about the account abstraction designs being developed for Aztec on our Discourse forum
So how do we get around seed phrases and private keys as the sole forms of account validation? Seed phrases are just one very secure but very flawed form of account validation. There are myriad methods of account validation, spanning the spectrum from very secure to totally insecure, from intuitive to confusing, including but not limited to:
Keep in mind account validation can be as secure as you want it to be. One simple account validation scheme would be: “If you click the ‘yes’ button the account is validated.” It wouldn’t be secure AT ALL, but you could do it!
Account abstraction is confusing as a term, since it encompasses “everything but seed phrases,” but the holy grail of authentication would include three factors:
Aztec allows for combining all three.
But Aztec’s improvements to Ethereum go beyond the implementation of alternate authentication schemes.
Aztec’s transaction anatomy is also a bit different — users send proofs of computation rather than signing transactions from an EOA.
Here is the flow diagram for an Aztec transaction:
We’ll talk through each in turn.
Before we carve the patient open and look at its guts, know that there are two transaction paths within Aztec: private transactions and public transactions, each with their own attributes.
At the center of these transactions is something called the kernel circuit. The kernel circuit is the beating heart of the Aztec system, and validates private transactions. We’ll get back to it in a second.
For now let’s talk about what a blockchain transaction in general is:
We already discussed how Aztec allows for new forms of authorization, but how does it process transactions?
Aztec is a completely new execution environment beyond the EVM, and uses client-based zero knowledge proofs to prove individual transactions. That means the application developer’s job is to constrain functions appropriately and prove user intent.
Application developers can constrain user intents by writing smart contracts using Aztec.nr. In the private transfer example, the circuits behind the smart contract are checking a few conditions:
The nullifier, new note, an encrypted log are all made public, but kept encrypted, such that the public information tells you nothing about what happened. Roughly all an observer can see is “a transaction happened here but I’m not sure what.”
That’s the core of Aztec’s value proposition — we know with mathematical certainty transactions are happening that follow blockchain rules, but we can’t derive any information about those transactions.
📕 See our previous piece on how Aztec’s privacy abstraction works
The path for public transactions is slightly different, as Aztec relies on the familiar Ethereum account-based model for public transactions.
The key to Aztec’s public transactions are unconstrained functions–Aztec’s public VM bytecode. Unconstrained functions just do “normal code stuff.” And by “normal code stuff” we mean simply execution code rather than proving execution as in Aztec’s private execution path. Unconstrained functions don’t lay down constraints. They just executes code.
If Aztec is a world computer, then unconstrained functions are the instructions the computer understands. Just like the EVM executes Solidity, the Aztec VM executes Aztec bytecode.
One key difference between the private and public execution paths is when code gets executed. In the private transaction example, code must be executed and proven locally–that is, before proof of the transaction is sent to Aztec’s network of nodes.
In the public execution path, the wallet has to receive authorization, but doesn’t process the transaction, instead sending transaction details onward to an Aztec node which then creates a proof of execution and inserts the proof into a block.
Because privacy is no longer a concern with public transactions, they can be sent unencrypted to the node to do efficient batch processing, rather than relying on a user’s local device.
Privacy UX sucks. Zero knowledge is complicated. Our goal is two-fold:
Great privacy-first applications will be built on the backs of best-in-class tooling that makes it easy to build powerful software that makes preserving privacy smooth and intuitive for users.
That means more code, less cryptography.
To learn more about Aztec generally, keep up to date on our Discourse, where we discuss major protocol decisions like upgrade mechanisms and decentralizing sequencers.
For more technical news on Aztec and Noir, join our e-mail newsletter:
Aztec Labs is on the lookout for talented engineers, cryptographers, and business people to accelerate our vision of encrypted Ethereum.
👪 If joining our mission to bring scalable privacy to Ethereum excites you, check out our open roles.
And continue the conversation with us on Twitter.
Thank you to Bruno Lulinsky and Maddiaa for input on this piece.
Today we’re announcing Aztec.nr, a powerful new smart contract framework for Aztec applications. Aztec.nr enables smart contract developers to intuitively manage private state.
In other words, Aztec now has a smart contract language.
👀 Explore the Aztec.nr Github repo here
Aztec.nr is a framework built on top of Noir, an open-source, universal zk programming language to which Aztec Labs is a core contributor.
Aztec.nr allows developers to write private smart contracts in Noir and extend their functionality with templated functions that simplify state management.
Last week we teased how simple and intuitive private state management would be on Aztec.
📕 Read the first post in this series: Privacy Abstraction with Aztec
Today we’re explaining how Aztec.nr works and showing how you can get started building smart contracts and full-fledged privacy-preserving applications on Aztec.
The Aztec.nr framework helps you deal with complex note management that is critical to privacy preservation within smart contract development.
But it does so in a way that makes it so that developers don’t have to rebuild smart contract functionality from scratch every time they write a Noir program.
Without Aztec.nr, you wouldn’t be able to emit events, make calls to other contracts, or even have the notion of a contract or an address. You’d have no msg.sender or access to historic blockchain.
Aztec.nr takes Noir — a general zero knowledge programming language — and gives it the smart contract functionality and syntax developers might expect coming from Solidity.
Developers can now access a complete set of smart contract features:
For examples of Aztec.nr at work, check out examples of:
At Aztec Labs we harbor two very strong beliefs:
The Aztec.nr framework is a major step in improving the developer experience for managing private state — functionality that “vanilla” Noir doesn’t have.
For example for a simple private token contract, Aztec.nr includes helper functions like:
In other words, the kinds of functions you might expect to call in a standard token contract!
Let’s walk through this private token contract to show you how Aztec.nr helps with abstracting private note management:
Follow along in the Github repo of our private token contract example here
Say Alice wants to send funds to Bob. Practically, she would have to aggregate all of the existing non-nullified notes they have of the asset she were sending, add up the values, and once she had enough notes to send the amount, create a change note to reconcile her balance.
For example, say Alice had two UTXO’s of 0.25 ETH each, and wanted to send 0.4 ETH to Bob. In order to spend the note Alice would have to sum the two 0.25 ETH notes together, nullify them both, and create a change note for herself of 0.1 ETH.
Thankfully, Aztec.nr makes it easy to manage notes. Take for example the decrement and decrement_by_at_most functions written by the Aztec Labs team for the private token example above.
Here’s how decrement_by_at_most works:
Follow along with the decrement_by_at_most example here.
1. Find notes to decrement. The function begins by getting some notes that add up to max_amount or less from the set of notes owned by owner.
2. Destroy selected notes. It then iterates over these selected notes and destroys them, adding their values to a variable decremented.
3. Handle Change: If the total value of the destroyed notes (decremented) is greater than max_amount, it creates a new note with the excess value (change_value) and assigns it back to the owner.
4. Return the Decrement: Finally, the function returns the total value that was decremented, which is stored in decremented.
The decrement example is a perfect showcase for how Aztec.nr makes it easy to manage notes and nullifiers with built-in get, insert, replace, and remove functions.
If a dev wanted to write this without Aztec.nr (as in, write it with “vanilla” aka non-smart-contract Noir), they would have to write their own Merkle trees to insert and prove membership of notes and support non-membership checks for nullifiers.
But as a developer, you don’t have to worry about rebuilding core privacy primitives — the Aztec Labs team has already done all of that work on your behalf.
You just focus on smart contract logic.
Soon, anon, soon.
We’ll soon release a local developer environment for developers to write and test Aztec smart contracts against a local instance of an Aztec node.
Developers will soon get a full-fledged development kit for building smart contracts and applications on Aztec, supported by Aztec.nr’s functionality.
But for now, you can preview what comes in the box.
➡️ Explore the Aztec.nr Github repo here
Start familiarizing yourself with Noir syntax, since Aztec.nr is simply a smart contract framework written in vanilla Noir.
To get started learning Noir, check out:
Finally, sign up for Aztec Labs’ developer e-mail list to stay apprised of all technical developments across Noir and Aztec:
To learn more about Aztec generally, keep up to date on our Discourse, where we discuss major protocol decisions like upgrade mechanisms and decentralizing sequencers.
Aztec Labs is on the lookout for talented engineers, cryptographers, and business people to accelerate our vision of encrypted Ethereum.
If joining our mission to bring scalable privacy to Ethereum excites you, check out our open roles.
And continue the conversation with us on Twitter.
Private voting is the “real-world” default, and for good reason! Public voting has been problematic for DAOs, creating things like 11th hour problems, vote coercion, and bandwagon effects.
When NounsDAO recognized the need for confidential governance within their own community, Aztec Labs and Aragon ZK Research (AZKR) joined forces to answer the call.
We have now published two final reports on our research results and what’s next for NounsDAO private governance.
🤖 Read the technical report here.
👪 Read the general report here.
In short, our proposal was to provide privacy-first governance, including:
Now, at the conclusion of this research sprint, we are presenting our findings in the form of both technical and general reports.
The Aztec team focused on implementing storage proofs in Noir, while AZKR explored the design and implementation of the voting solution powered by these proofs.
In practice, prove that you’re a Noun without saying which Noun you are, then use that proof to vote in the DAO.
The general report also details the primary research questions addressed. TL;DR:
You can review the code and general report for AZKR’s early roadmap for what is currently called zk-POPVOTE (zk Proof-based On-chain Private Voting), which is a continuation of the project we’ve started together.
🐦 Join the Twitter Spaces we’ll host on September 5th at 12:00 UTC here
At Aztec Labs, we will continue contributing to the development of the Noir programming language, and we look forward to building privacy-preserving infrastructure to empower private governance.
Aztec is a first-of-its-kind public-private hybrid zkRollup bringing together the best of Ethereum smart contracts and encrypted execution.
It is a culmination of Aztec Labs’ long-term vision: a collectively-owned, fully decentralized L2 on Ethereum with encryption as a first class citizen.
We at Aztec Labs are thrilled to be able to build this together with you, and we can’t wait to see you in the forum.
Aztec Labs is on the lookout for talented engineers, cryptographers, and business people to accelerate our vision of encrypted Ethereum.
If joining our mission to bring scalable privacy to Ethereum excites you, check out our open roles.
Brand new to Noir? Start building your application with the universal language of zero-knowledge, supported by best-in-class developer advocates and developer relations engineers at Aztec. Get started here.
Noir was designed to be developer-first. This means simple and familiar Rust syntax, and now the support of the world’s most popular code editor. In just a matter of weeks, the extension has gone from ~70 to nearly 400 downloads.
Even if you’re new to the language — you won’t feel like you’re learning to program again, you’ll just start programming in zero-knowledge.
The following features should sound very familiar:
Differentiate key words from each other with color.
There are safety checks built into the language that will prevent certain mistakes (and subsequently, unexpected behaviors) before you make them. Noir x VS Code will let you know what they are instantly on file save, before you switch to terminal and compile.
Save time and key-strokes by utilizing quick code templates. Insert code snippets instead of writing function definitions repeatedly.
As of the latest version of the extension (version 0.0.4), you can run Noir tests, compile and execute Noir programs — all just one click away.
v0.0.4 is best paired with Nargo v0.10.3. Install Nargo with `noirup -v 0.10.3` and try it out.
More features could be tackled like hover tooltip, auto formatting, and proving on click.
Want to contribute? Leave a message on the GitHub quest board.
Brand new to Noir? Start building your app with the universal language of zero-knowledge, supported by best-in-class developer advocates and developer relations engineers at Aztec.
